It is generally admitted that the cardiovascular response to physical exercise implies the concerted action of a central command mechanism, and of the exercise pressor reflex (EPR), with influence from the cardiopulmonary reflex. One goal of this CEU course is to investigate whether aerobic training with and without relative ischemia would act to modify the EPR. It is also well known that moderate to high intensity endurance training is the principal exercise protocol to induce an increase in VO2max, therefore, a second goal of this CEU course is to investigate the energy system contributions and total energy expenditure during low intensity endurance exercise associated with blood flow restriction.